Societys Expectations In the Play The Doll´s House Essay

Society’s Expectations As act I of â€Å"A Doll’s House† begins, the scene is set to impress the audience â€Å"with vivid descriptions of a room â€Å"furnished with taste, but nothing too extravagant†. (Ibsen) The first to enter is Nora. Nora walks in with her arms full of bags after shopping, and her husband, Torvald calls from another room to make sure it is her he hears coming through the door. Torvald sets limits on Nora’s spending; he treats her as both a child and a doll. The way in which the characters in the play treat, and react to one another, shows the selfish intentions in which the expectations of society hold of them. The character of Nora’s father was only spoken about throughout the play, but introduced a view of her past and†¦show more content†¦After having used Krogstad to get what she needed, yet another issue arose. Krogstad turned on Nora once his position at the bank was on the line, and used her borrowing a gainst her for his own good. â€Å"Niles Krogstad is also Mrs. Linde’s former crush, and he tries to redeem himself of his crimes of forgery by raising his children† (Rosefeldt). Mrs. Linde married her late husband, because he was â€Å"well off† at the time, and she needed to take care of her mother and two brothers. She tells Nora â€Å"I don’t think I was justified in refusing his offer† (of marriage) (Rosefeldt). It is unclear why her late husband offered a proposal to her, but her actions can be thought of as beneficial to herself, as well as pleasing to him. He wanted a wife, and she needed money. Society plays a role in her character as well. It was expected of the male gender to â€Å"take care of† the woman, only this included the needs of her family as well. â€Å"Christine then offered to help Nora escape her troubles with Krogstad by marrying him (Benedict). Because she did have eyes for him earlier in her life, her intentions seem selfless, but again not for true reasons. In the end, each character has played a role based on the expectations society creates. The men and women all have their own ways of manipulating one another. â€Å"The woman is judged by society under the man’s law (Rosefeldt).† Society’s expectations of woman backShow MoreRelatedA Doll House By Henrik Ibsen870 Words   |  4 Pagessocial standing, upbringing, and class. Through Ibsen’s controversial play the readers learn how society can alter an individual’s identity, affect a lifetime of choices, and establish the foundation for future attitudes. The main leading characters Nora, Torvald, and Krogstad are perfect examples of these effects society has on one’s life. Ibsen’s â€Å"A Doll House† features Nora, the most prominent character who is also the play s protagonist. From the start, it becomes very evident that Nora is aRead MoreDolls House996 Words   |  4 PagesA Play about Humanism What is Humanism? According to Merriam-Webster, humanism is a philosophy that usually rejects supernaturalism and stresses an individual’s dignity and worth and capacity for self-realization through reason. Humanism is not just about males or just about females; its about humans living as one. In Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House, humanism is shown through every single word and every single detail. A Doll’s House centers on humanism because it demonstrates the search for identityRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1444 Words   |  6 PagesIbsen s concerns about the physical and mental oppression of women by male dominance are brought to life in â€Å"A Doll s House†. Through the characterisation of male dominance Ibsen expresses the view that all women possess the right to develop their own individuality, but in â€Å"A Doll’s House† the reality is that their role was often sacrificial. During the late 19th century, when the events of â€Å"A Doll’s House† unfold, women were not treated as equals with men, either in relation to their husbandsRead MoreToys Are Not Pop Out Of The Womb With Ideas Of Gender Roles797 Words   |  4 PagesChildren do not pop out of the womb with ideas of gender roles, nor do they have any expectations about their future careers. It is of interest to many that the gender stereotypes and gender roles seen in toys marketed for children highly resembles those seen in adult life. At an early age, many children, especially those in the western world, have already developed ideas about careers and lifestyles suitable for boys or girls. It is obvious that these ideas can be learned through interactions withRead More Henrik Isbens A Dolls House Essay examples787 Words   |  4 Pages 1 A Dolls House nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A Dolls House represents a women’s marital life from many years ago. The central theme of this play is Nora’’s rebellion against society and everything that was expected of her. Nora shows this by breaking away from all the standards and expectations her husband and society had set up for her. Women were not considered of importance to their husbands and that made women feel like in a â€Å"dolls house†, such as with Nora and her husband Helmer. InRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House1401 Words   |  6 PagesHook In Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House, Nora transforms from a standard housewife of society to a woman seeking independence. The expectations that society has confine Nora to a strict life in her marriage as she tries to fulfil the roles of mother and wife. Nora discovers that to find her identity, she has to break out of society’s expectations and leave her family behind to start anew. Society standards influence the way people live their lives even in something as personal as marriage and can stripRead MoreAnalysis Of Self In 1958 By Anne Sexton1647 Words   |  7 Pagesdollhouse to a plaster doll itself. Yet, when she uses these interesting pieces of symbolism, it turns out to be a much deeper concept than once thought. The doll in this poem, in turn becomes an extremely large symbolic piece that not only reflects Sexton, but her own personal views in life. In her poem â€Å"Self in 1958†, Anne Sexton uses symbolism to express the theme of female oppression in the 1950s. During the 1950s, women were forced to comply with society’s expectations. They cooked, cleanedRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1717 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A Doll, a Partner, and a Change† Social movement of women liberation toward equal rights and independence has been a big subject in human history. It happens not only in Europe but also all over the world. Though making progress, this movement has been advancing slowly and encountered backslashes from time to time. Maybe there is something deeply hidden which the society has not figured out yet, even women themselves. What do women want, freedom or good life? Most of the time, they are notRead More Transformation of Nora in Henrik Isbens A Dolls House Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesTransformation of Nora in Henrik Isbens A Dolls House During the time in which Henrik Isbens play, A Doll?s House, took place society frowned upon women asserting themselves. Women were supposed to play a role in which they supported their husbands, took care of their children, and made sure everything was perfect around the house. Nora is portrayed as a doll throughout the play until she realizes the truth about the world she lives in, and cuts herself free. Nora Helmer was a delicateRead More Reasons Nora Helmer Must Leave Her Husband in Henrik Ibsens A Doll House1720 Words   |  7 PagesReasons Nora Helmer Must Leave Her Husband in Henrik Ibsens A Doll House Foreward: Henrik Ibsens A Doll House (aka A Dolls House) is so rich in moral, political, and metaphysical (if one is to regard such matters as selfhood and identity as metaphysical) insights and criticisms that it is hard to imagine how one could absorb it all in one sitting. Its moral message was very bold in its day and remains so in the more slowly progressing parts of the world, like North America. Institutions

The War between Scotland and England in the Reign of...

Why did War break out between Scotland and England in the Reign of Edward I? On the 14th of May 1264, the forces of Simon de Montfort, Gloucester and the Londoners were set arrayed against the loyalist forces of King Henry III, Richard of Cornwall and Prince Edward (later to become King Edward I). The loyalists suffered a massive defeat at this Battle of Lewes and among those captured, aside from Richard of Cornwall and perhaps the King (Prestwich indicates the unsure nature of the Kings capture 46), were the northern barons (Scottish lords) of Balliol, Bruce and Comyn. (Jenks 132) Prince Edward also became a hostage as part of an exchange after the battle. These same men who fought together and were held captive by the de Montforts†¦show more content†¦One of these four advisors was John Balliol, father of the future King of Scotland. (Prestwich 26) It is quite clear that, [families] notable in Scottish history were also notable in England†¦ The Bruces†¦ were a Yorkshire family, and the Robert Bruce who was Balliols rival for the Scottish crown in 1292 had served Henry III for twenty years and ended†¦ as chief justice of the English court of kings bench. (Miller 4) Given that such relationships so closely tied the English and the Scottish leaderships war was far from anyones agenda. However, during this time it was not uncommon even for close relationships to digress towards war. Family lines were built with strategic marriages to link families together, but they could just as easily lead to arguments and even war, specifically resulting from such strategic partnerships (or lack there of). Alexander II King of Scotland had been married to Joan, younger sister to Henry III, but later married Mary of Coucy (daughter of a great French house) after Joans death. This new marriage offended Henry III, not least of all because he was trying to recover French land (Poitou) and gain respect in continental Europe. (Powicke 586-7) To prevent war a new treaty was made giving the King of Scots more power, but at the same time asking him not to enter into any alliances hostile to England. This treaty was cemented by the marriage of Alexander (son of Mary and King Alexander II, who died before theShow MoreRelatedMonarchy Is The Oldest Form Of Government1657 Words   |  7 Pagesmonarchs and their ruling will begin with Edward the III from the House of Plantagenet (1327) and end with Charles the I from the House of Stuarts (1625) with added attention to the time period of 1299-1485 during the time of War of the Roses. Studying English history in accordance with Shakespeare’s p lays gives the reader a better understanding of the time period the play was written and helps the reader understand what shaped Shakespeare’s story. Edward III from the house of Plantagenet ascendedRead More William Wallace Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;William was born during the reign of Alexander III who had already been sitting on Scotland’s throne for nearly Twenty-seven years. During the reign of Alexander III there lived a period of much peace and tranquility, not to mention economic stability. Alexander III did his job and fended off continuing English claims to suzerainty. King Edward I (Also known as â€Å"Edward Long shanks† came to the throne of England in 1272, two years after Wallace was born. nbsp;nbsp;Read MoreEssay on Queen Elizabeth I - Family, Religion, and Politics1479 Words   |  6 Pagespsychological problems as an adult, Elizabeth proved to be one of the most remarkable monarchs in English history. Firstly, I will discuss Elizabeth’s family (including her many stepmothers), and then I will talk about her relationship with her siblings under their power. Thirdly, I will examine religion and how it affected her opinions and politics during her reign. Lastly, I will look at foreign politics of the time and some of Elizabeth’s decisions affecting England’s position in the world. Read MoreThe Bbc Television Series Called Merlin1224 Words   |  5 PagesArthur. This is a popular legend that’s popularity was seen throughout the medieval era. The story is thought to have been based at the fall of the Roman Empire, this was also a time when there was an increase in tribes from Germany, called Saxons, in England. Arthur was thought to have helped with the removable of knights from Rome and the Saxons. The legend spans 12 years set in what is thought to have been a fictional time of peace, when the Saxons and the Celtic Britons were not fighting. King ArthurRead MoreEdward Henry The IIi, King Of England Essay2522 Words   |  11 Pages Edward son of Henry the III, King of England, born on 1239 of June would soon come to inherit a grand kingdom that could very well change much of Europe. Edwards father, Henry the III, was married to Edwards’s mother, Eleanor of Provence, and during this time period it was very much uncertain if Edward the newly born son could live up to his father’s expectations. While Edward grew up, just as any young man, his lust for power grew, which made him a boy of reckless decisions. Henry the III wasRead MoreIn the context of the years 1485 to 1603 to what extent was the government of England dysfunctional in the mid-Tudor period?3559 Words   |  15 PagesIn the context of the years 1485 to 1603 to what extent was the government of England dysfunctional in the mid-Tudor period? During the Tudor Dynasty it is easily thought that the years between 1547 and 1558 were ones of crisis. With the succession of a child and the first woman within England, people have assumed that the years between Henry VIII and Elizabeth I were an unproductive interlude. The mid Tudor period is seen as negative years within the Tudor Dynasty. It is regarded that Henry VIIIRead MoreEngland Was Never Well Governed in the Reign of Edward Vi How Far Do You Agree with This?1879 Words   |  8 Pages‘England was never well governed in the reign of Edward 6th’ How far do you agree with this? Edward VI inherited the throne in 1547 at the infant age of 9. Because of his youth, he had two advisors. The first was his uncle, the Duke of Somerset, who became Lord Protector, and for the first two and a half years of Edward’s reign, Somerset advised and guided the young king. Somerset was replaced by the Duke of Northumberland. Edward was a mere figurehead, the Lord Protector controlled the majorityRead MoreKing John And The Barons2099 Words   |  9 Pagesfor it to rule effectively. The conflict between King John and the barons is a major instance of what happens when the system of consultation and consent was ignored. The results of which would start the lowering the authority of the king and the rise of Parliament. The idea of popular consent to royal government emerged in the thirteenth century during the reign of King John from 1199 to 1216. He was the youngest of the five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Being the youngestRead MoreInfluential Kings in British History1513 Words   |  6 PagesHenry was an accomplished politician who restored peace and stability to England. He was more of a dry, spiritless count that enjoyed the chase and other athletic activities but also music, dancing, and cards. With the death of Prince Edward, and the murder shortly afterwards of his father Henry VI, the fourteen year old Henry Tudor became the leading Lancastrian claimant to the throne. This wouldn’t have been so bad if Edward IV’s brother, the Duke of Gloucester, declared his sons illegitimate andRead More Queen Elizabeth Essay examples1227 Words   |  5 Pages Queen Elizabeth I Queen Elizabeth, the first, proved to be a very good and loyal monarch to England. She brought about many changes, both good and bad. On September 7, 1533 a baby girl came into the world. Back then many parents would have been greatly disappointed to have had a baby girl, rather then a boy. However these parents were glad by the birth of their first child together. These proud parents were the king and queen of England, King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. The girl child was named

The Renaissance fair Essay Example For Students

The Renaissance fair Essay From the fall of the Holy Roman Empire to there was a dark age in Europe where all technology and thinking stopped. Europe was a battleground for feudal lords and their knights trying to control the surrounding territories. The dark ages started to end when Pope Urban the 2nd called for the crusades of the holy lands and the city of Jerusalem. The renaissance began in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art, music, politics, science, and religion. The renaissance was a time of the great scientist and artist Leonardo ad Vinci. The word renaissance translates from French to English into rebirth, that is Just what Europe did at this time they went from being ignorant and dimwitted to inventing some of the worlds greatest inventions. Examples of these great inventions were the Ornerier flying machine, the armored car, the giant crossbow and the 8 barreled machine gun and these were Just from Leonardo ad Vinci, unfortunately these were Just prototypes and were never mass produced. The renaissance began in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art, music, politics, science, and elision. The renaissance was a time of the great scientist and artist Leonardo ad Vinci. Personally I think the greatest feat of this time was the printing press created my Johannes Gutenberg. Before the invention of the printing press to make a book it required having to hand write the words for hours. When this was going on reading was more for the higher class but with the printing press books could be mass produced and this caused that more people learned to read and knowledge spread like wild fire, it also spread Christianity because now there would be more copies of The Holy Bible. The Renaissance marks the period of European history at the close of the middle ages and the rise of the Modern world. It was a time where art was flourishing. It seemed like everyone was an artist and architecture, Fillips Brucellosis was foremost in studying the remains of ancient classical buildings, and with rediscovered knowledge from the 1st-century writer Vitreous and the flourishing discipline of mathematics, formulated the Renaissance style which emulated and improved on classical forms. Brutishnesss major feat of engineering was the building of the dome of Florence Cathedral. The first building to monastery this is claimed to be the church of SST. Andrew built by Alberta in Mantra. The outstanding architectural work of the High Renaissance was the rebuilding of SST. Pewters Basilica, combining the skills of Aberrant, Michelangelo, Raphael, Seasonal and Modern. The new ideals of humanism, although more secular in some aspects, developed against a Christian backdrop, especially in the Northern Renaissance. Much, if not most, of the new art was commissioned by or in education to the Church. However, the Renaissance had a profound effect on contemporary theology, particularly in the way people perceived the relationship teen man and God. Many of the periods foremost theologians were followers of the humanist method, including Erasmus, Swing, Thomas More, Martin Luther, and John Calvin. The 15th century, the Renaissance spread with great speed from its birthplace in Florence, first to the rest of Italy, and soon to the rest of Europe. The invention of the printing press by German printer Johannes Gutenberg allowed the rapid transmission of these new ideas. As it spread, its ideas diversified and changed, being adapted to local culture. In the 20th century, scholars began to break the Renaissance into regional and national movements.

The Importance of Marketing in Organizational Success

Marketing has many definitions. Definitions that focus on customer needs and that are customer oriented can be used to explain the success of an organization much clearly. Marketing can be defined as the process through which potential clients and customers who are willing and able to buy are enticed to buy your products or services.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Importance of Marketing in Organizational Success specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to American Marketing Association, marketing is defined as â€Å"the process, the activity and set of institutions for communicating, creating, exchanging and delivering offerings that have value for clients, customers, partners, and society at large.† (Armstrong Kotler, 2011). According to Chartered Institute of Marketing, marketing is defined as â€Å"The process of management used to identify, anticipate and satisfy customer requirements wi th the aim of making profits.† (Kotler Keller, 2012). This article will discuss the importance of marketing in organizational success based on the foregoing definitions. An organization can only succeed when proper marketing strategies are put in place. Marketing determines the nature of production and distribution channels that an organization uses for its products. Marketing deals with boosting sales, advertisements, public relations and promotions. The most fundamental importance of marketing to an organization is that it helps build reputation. Marketers find it easier to subdue the entire market by creating a brand name through which customers can get to recognize their organization. This technique which is also called brand recall helps consumers to easily distinguish the organizations products from those of competitors. The aim of this technique is to increase brand loyalty by creating a brand name that is easily identifiable through logos, images or caption that are a dvertised through media (Armstrong Kotler, 2011). Through marketing, an organization is able to create awareness for its products. The primary goal of marketing is to get the product or service recognized by prospective customers. It would be unrealistic to assume that customers can find out about an organization all by themselves especially if it has no reputation in the industry.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, for an upcoming organization, it would be proper to make your company known through consistent promotions and advertisements. This is an expensive exercise that eventually pays off when prospective buyers are duly informed on the benefits of utilizing a company’s products or services. Marketing helps an organization to boost its product sales and increases growth of revenues. Any form of marketing, be it online or offline advertisements, radio com mercials, newspaper advertisements, TV advertisements and so on are sure to generate sales once the public learn about an organizations products. An organization that seeks to increase its production capacity and drive up sales must consider allocating enough funds to the marketing department which in turn should develop strategic and effective marketing plans to ensure that this objective is achieved. The roles just discussed are based on the definition of marketing as a process that is customer oriented. Given that customers have their own preferences; product quality would not be enough to ensure sustained sales. Thus, an efficient marketing strategy would be that which targets the customer’s needs. An organization that disregards consumer preferences will eventually lose out to the competitors. Getting back a customer who has defected to competitor is extremely difficult and not financially feasible in most cases (Kotler Keller, 2012). Marketing helps create healthy comp etition through regulating service and product prices. Through marketing, consumers and competing companies get to learn about pricing of various services and products. A business through marketing is able to compete for customers by providing fair pricing before competitors does unlike in a monopoly where prohibitive prices are set. Competition helps less known companies succeed through appropriate marketing strategies, in other words, marketing helps an organization to stand out so that consumers will prefer its products rather than those being offered by the competitor.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Importance of Marketing in Organizational Success specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marketing helps organizations in strategic decision making. It is through marketing that everyone in the organization gets to learn about the nature of the customers and the market that they are dealing with. This is ofte n made possible through the feedback given by marketers to the organization. The feedback given enables the organization to develop a marketing philosophy to aid in the development of strategic planning process. The organization uses information and analysis obtained through marketing as input for strategic marketing plans and decision making (Perreault, Cannon McCarthy, 2011). Marketers make this possible by identifying consumer trends as well as examining their potential impact. In addition, they assess the current situation to gain better understanding of the market. The foregoing shows that marketing does help an organization make broad strategic decisions through strategic marketing. On the other hand, marketing helps an organization make specific strategic decisions for day to day activities and for individual products. This normally takes place at the operating level where four Ps of the marketing mix are taken into consideration by the marketing managers. These include pric e, product, promotion and place. Marketing is a field which is evolving fast and its importance in growth and sustainability of businesses cannot be overemphasized. To some extent, marketing has altered the nature of the chain of distribution. This is the case with Nike which is perceived by many to be manufacturer of products such as sports gear. The truth is that Nike manufactures very little of these products if any. The actual manufacturing is done by the supplier while Nike exclusively deals with the marketing of these products. The implication of this trend is that through such companies, strategic alliances among the marketing firm, distributors and suppliers can be formed through a common business network (Perreault et al., 2011).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, an organization that does not want to spend too much putting up a marketing department can readily obtain marketing services for its products through well known marketing companies like Nike or Adidas by joining a business network. This kind of approach can be proof to be very beneficial for an upcoming company or a company that has just launched a new product. Marketing as a separate entity within an organization does contribute to its success in terms of performance for a new product, financial performance and performance of customer relationship as opposed to general market approach like in the Nike case just discussed. An organization’s success is pegged on its ability to attract and retain customers. This can be achieved through establishing an effective internal marketing department or by joining a business network. Marketing being a process should focus on creating a brand name through which the organization can identify itself to the public and this can be achie ved best through identifying and satisfying consumer needs. References Armstrong, G. Kotler, P. (2011). Marketing: An introduction (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Kotler, P. Keller, K. L. (2012). Marketing management (14th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Perreault, W. D. Jr., Cannon, J. P., McCarthy, E. J. (2011). Basic marketing: A  Marketing strategy planning approach (18th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. This assessment on The Importance of Marketing in Organizational Success was written and submitted by user SerpentS0c1ety to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. The Importance of Marketing in Organizational Success

Managing cultural diversity in the hospitality industry

Our environment determines our behaviors. People adopt certain communication styles, eating habits, and different modes of dressing depending on the type of social orientation. Symbols such as gestures and body language also form part of the human culture. Different people interpret symbols differently depending on their culture. As such, individual’s way of life determines how one perceives different ideas. Our way of life determines how we cope in a new environment with unfamiliar practices (D’Almeida, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managing cultural diversity in the hospitality industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper, will discuss ways of managing culture diversity in the work place. I will highlight two cultural theories to demonstrate issues of cross-cultural differences. This paper will use a general comparative method and one example to demonstrate cultural shock. The US and Indian culture will be used in the examples. Culture shock When people are exposed to different cultures, they go through culture shock. This happens especially if individuals are not prepared to adapt to the new culture (Hall Dowling, and Welch, 2008). Individuals go through disappointments and develop unsocial behavior. This is common due to confusion and the inability to interact with others in the society (Henderson, 1994). In the hospitality industry, culture shock is more likely to be experienced because of diverse customers. Most tourists seek accommodation in hotels. Here, tourists experiences culture shock; they face different language, food, and lifestyle. Case study/ example Jimmy Steve is an employee of Sagret Hotel, one of the best restaurants in America. Last year, the management of Sagret Hotel opened a new branch in India. Because Jimmy Steve was experienced, he was transferred to India as the new manager of Sagret Hotel India branch. Jimmy Steve experienced the following problems. First, it was difficult for him to understand both verbal and non-verbal communication. This is because some gestures are interpreted differently in India from the way they are interpreted in the US. For instance, nodding the head in the US means yes to a question. In India, nodding of the head can mean yes or no. Hence, found it difficult to give clear directions to the workers who were Indians. The second challenge that Steve faced was that, he had difficulties eating the local foods. To him, the food was not appealing. He was also frustrated by different behaviors by the locals. Steve experienced very different custom and value system. He could not understand why there was discrimination based on caste system in the workplace. Steve also had issues with environment and hygiene. He was not able to understand why people would cook food next to places with sewer in the hotel.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The safety of the hotel that was supposed to accommodate tourists was questionable for him. He observed that there were beggars around the hotel, which could scare away guests. He was surprised that in the hotel only women worked in the housekeeping and food departments. All waiters and cooks were women while men worked as cashiers and supervisors. Steve was told that it was taboo for men to cook since that was a job for women. Cross-cultural Theory In the hospitality industry, cross-cultural issues may be experienced because this sector receives customers from different regions. Dr. Milton Bennett argues that the more an individual encounters cultural differences, the more likely a person will become more competent working across cultures (Ward, 1999). People, who become competent in managing cross-cultural issues, can be able to adjust and adapt to different environments. Bennett has provided six stages of how individuals develop intercultural competence. The first step is the denial stage. At this level, individuals are not able to interact (Ward, 1999). Usually, people refuse to interact and behave aggressively. The second level is the defense stage. In this stage, individuals consider their culture superior over the other (Ward, 1999). Individuals usually criticize the other culture because it is â€Å"inferior.† At this stage, individuals will also defend their culture. The third step is the minimization stage. At this stage, individuals believe that all cultures share common values (Ward, 1999). People try to minimize cultural difference. The fourth level is the acceptance stage. At this stage, individuals are curious about the other culture. Although they may criticize the other culture, they will also acknowledge that not all cultures are similar. The next stage is the adaptation stage. At this stage, individuals start adapting the other culture. People begin to change communication style and s o on. The last step is the integration stage. At this stage, individuals are fully integrated with the other culture (Ward, 1999). Individuals’ adapt some behaviors from the other culture. Some people can even communicate using different styles (Ward, 1999). The cross-cultural theory portrays what happens to individual while adapting to a new culture. A tourist from the US visiting India would most likely stay in a hotel. While at the hotel or restaurant, the tourists experiences cross-cultural issues. The individual comes across different lifestyle, communication style, and unfamiliar food.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managing cultural diversity in the hospitality industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the example presented, it is clear that adapting to a new culture is a long process with many challenges. The link between this theory and issues of cultural diversity is that, the theory describ es steps that such individuals would go through to be integrated into a new culture. In the diagram the arrows represents the stages of development. Cultural Dimension Theory According to Cultural dimensions theory people are different from six dimensions. The difference in dimension is what determines how people can easily adopt to foreign cultures. This theory argues that societies have different power structure. Some cultures such as Indian culture encourage a gap between people in high positions and subordinates. While the US culture encourages equal power distance between leaders or managers and workers. This leads to democratic type of leadership. In a close power relation, people interact as equals irrespective of their formal positions. People can be able to provide their ideas and participate in decisions making. The second dimension is individualism verses collectivism. This refers to the level of integration in the society. The US is an example of an individualistic soci ety. The US culture is focused on individual achievement but others such as India encourage collective effort. Individuals have to forego their personal needs for common goals (Dean and Leung, 2003). According to the cultural dimension theory the third aspect that differentiates, people are the level of tolerance and avoidance practiced by a society. Tolerance and avoidance is an aspect used by the society to socialize its members on ways of dealing with anxiety and new ideas (Cornelius, 2002). The US has a high level of tolerance because of its diverse population compared to India. On the other hand, India has a homogenous culture. Hence, India encourages avoidance making it hard for Indians to adopt other cultures.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fourth dimension is masculine verses feminine. Socialization and allocation of gender roles is different depending on the society. The American society advocates for equality between men and women in the society. In societies that are masculine such as India men make decisions. While in the US, women have the opportunity to make or influence decisions. Additionally, in masculine societies gender roles are rigid there are domains that are set specifically for men and women. One such society is India where it is a taboo for men to cook and look after children. Nevertheless, in the US both men and women share gender roles (Warner and Joynt, 2002). The fifth cultural dimension is long-term verses short-term orientation. Societies with short-term orientation emphasizes on the past and present. Community members conserve and protect their cultural values. Short-term orientation does not allow change of ideas. India is an example of a short-term orientation society with rigid cultural values (Warner and Joynt, 2002). While the US is a long-term orientation society, it focuses on the future. Long-term orientation societies are tolerant to different cultures and encourage new ideas (Deresky, 2001). The sixth and the last cultural dimension is indulgence against restraint. In societies that encourage indulgence, individuals are allowed to satisfy their needs and desires. Such societies encourage people to have what they want when they want. Societies that practice restraint are more conservative and do not tolerate other cultures. Individuals from this type of society do not adopt new cultures. Western countries practice indulgence while those in countries such as India practice restraint. How issues of culture shock affects work Issues of culture shock affects work in many ways. According to cross-cultural theory, an individual who is experiencing culture shock will not relate well with colleagues at the work place. Lack of good relationship may affect individualâ €™s commitment to work (Hopkins, 2009). Secondly, individuals experiencing culture shock face communication problems. In the work place, lack of proper communication may cause poor feedback. Issues of culture shock may also cause low production (Kirton, and Greene, 2000). In the work place, people work in groups and contribute towards the same goals. Managing culture shock in the work environment Managing culture shock is the first step towards adapting and coping in a new work environment. This is what Bennet refers to as competence in the cross-cultural theory. To overcome culture shock, affected individuals like Steve should do the following. First, develop confidence and always remember about your personal strengths. This is the first step in adapting a new culture as portrayed in the acceptance stage of cross-cultural theory. Secondly, always keep an open mind. Being open minded will help an individual not to judge other based on their culture (Brislin, 2008). Thirdly, alwa ys maintain a sense of humor. Laughing will always help to fight embarrassment, fear, and despair (Brislin, 2008). Furthermore, the affected individual should develop a hobby (Brislin, 2008). One can decide to make new friends in the work environment and so on. Another strategy is being patient. It is not easy to adapt in a new environment. It takes time to be integrated with a new culture (Brislin, 2008). At the adaptation stage, individuals should try to be flexible. Being flexible will facilitate rapid change. Lastly, try to read new resources. Reading books and other articles will help an individual to understand others and appreciate their culture (Brislin, 2008). The procedures portrayed here are what Bennet refers as â€Å"adaptation.† Once individual adapt to the culture they become integrated. Encouraging cultural diversity in the work place In the hospitality sector, cultural diversity helps in ensuring that all people are comfortable working together despite of the ir cultural differences. In order to manage cross-cultural issues, restraints and hotels should make the initiative to help their workers and visitors adapt in a new environment. As such, it is important for organizations like restaurants to develop mechanisms, which will encourage cultural diversity at the work place. Foremost, restaurant and hotel management should provide mentors cross culturally (Schneider and Barsoux, 2003). This is very important because it will help leaders to understand people of different cultures like tourist. This will also enable the management to provide guideline for employees experiencing culture shock. Secondly, the management should provide training seminars to encourage cultural diversity (Brislin, 2008). Training should be conducted to all new employees to familiarize them with the new environment and existing cultural differences. The training should focus on ways of helping the new employees to adapt, accept, and appreciate their new environment and culture. Thirdly, the hospitality management should encourage leaders to prepare and present a cultural profile of their workers (Schneider and Barsoux, 2003). By preparing such a profile, the manager can present it to new workers to familiarize them with other colleagues. This will help in preparing new workers so that they do not become disappointed due to different expectations. Presentation can be done using Power Point. In the work environment, leaders should promote cultural diversity by encouraging sports and other events especially when doing orientation for new employees. During such events, people can share history, stories, and experiences about their cultures. The participants can organize different cultural activities like sports, dances, and story-telling sessions. This will bring people together. It will also help people to understand and appreciate others (Lewis, 1999). In addition to this, hotel managers should craft statements or create posters, which promotes cultural diversity (Schneider and Barsoux, 2003). such posters should be put on all public places and in the offices too. The manager can craft the following statement, â€Å"Be flexible, accept change, and appreciate others.† This message does promote cultural diversity. In case there is sensitive discussion at the work place, the leaders should tactfully intervene and avoid being bias (Marx, 1999). Finally, individuals should develop positive attitude and learn from others. All employees should embrace change and develop a common organization culture. In summary, embracing changes in the hospitality sector is a very important in promoting cultural diversity. The hospitality industry should be more involved in this process because they receive people from different cultural background especially tourist. Management in the hospitality industry should always make the initiative to help employees and diverse customers adapt to new working environment. It is also important that people should accept and appreciate different cultures (Reynolds and Valentine, 2004). In the hospitality industry, the management should provide cross-cultural training courses to enable customers and employees appreciate different cultures. According to cross-cultural theory, patience is needed as it takes time to adapt a different culture. Reference List Brislin, W., 2008. Working with cultural differences: dealing effectively with diversity in  the workplace. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. Cornelius, N., 2002. Building Workplace Equality. Ethics, Diversity and Inclusion.  London: Thomson learning. D’Almeida, M., 2007. The effects of cultural diversity in the workplace. Michigan: ProQuest. Dean. T., Leung, K., 2003. Cross-cultural management: foundations and future. Farmham: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Deresky, H., 2001. International Management: Managing across Borders and Cultures. London: Prentice Hall Dowling, P., J., Welch, D., E., 2008. International Human Resources  Management: Managing People in a Multinational Context. (5th Ed.). London: Thomas Learning. Henderson, G., 1994. Cultural diversity in the workplace: issues and strategies. Westport: Quorum Books. Hopkins, B., 2009. Cultural Differences and Improving Performance: How Values and  Beliefs Influence Organizational Performance. London: Gower Publishing, Ltd. Kirton, G., Greene, A., 2000. The Dynamics of Managing Diversity. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. Lewis, R., D., 1999. When Cultures Collide – Managing Successfully Across Cultures  London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Marx, E., 1999. Breaking Through Culture Shock. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Reynolds, S., Valentine, D., 2004. Guide to Cross-Cultural Communication (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Schneider, S., Barsoux, J., 2003. Managing Across Cultures. London: Prentice Hall. Warner, M., Joynt, P., 2002. Managing Across Cultures: Issues and Perspectives  (2nd Ed.). London: Thomson learn ing. Ward, C., 1999. Cross Cultural theory. Cross-cultural Comparisons and Methodological  Issues1 (1) pp 3-8. This essay on Managing cultural diversity in the hospitality industry was written and submitted by user Teagan Mercer to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Public Relations Theory And Campaign

Public Relations Theory And Campaign Introduction Newlandia education foundation Newlandia education foundation (NEF) was established in the 1900 as a charitable organization, with support from Newlandia government. Since then, this organization still relies on donation from the public to ensure its survival. It is located in the south region of Newlandia Island where schools are faced with inadequate resources such as lack of enough books, stationery, teaching materials among other needs.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Public Relations Theory And Campaign specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More NEF’s mission stands for â€Å"education access for all newlandians regardless of race, religion, sex or economic standing† (Pacific PR, 2010, p.5). However, NEF is faced by the challenge of over-reliance on public support in form of money, reading material, and voluntary services; however, the adult population of Newlandian is very ignorant o f the organization’s vision and mission. The Newlandian unemployment rate is at 12-25% due to lack of education. In addition, south newlandians children live far from school, hence making it impossible for them to attend school, (Pacific PR, 2010, p.8). This campaign aims at convincing the business sector on Newlandian on the importance of supporting childhood education in the future to benefit the children into becoming important people in the society, thus curbing illiteracy and unemployment in the future. In order to ensure effective delivery of information, situational theory, social learning theory, and hierarchy of need theory will be used appropriately. When proper resources are in place, NEF can make an impact on the lives of many children through providing effective education, thus curbing poverty through providence of employment opportunities. Literacy minimizes poverty while boosting employment and social inclusion. Television, newspapers, and radios can be used as campaign tools for spreading the plight of Newlandian. The Newlandian situation requires additional schools, stationery, teaching accessories, and desks in order to ensure learning needs are met. Indeed, raising awareness of the child education situation is the first step in this campaign. Steps towards Public Relation Campaigns According to Musgrave (2001, p.42), when public relations campaigns are planned carefully and executed effectively, they create a difference between success and failure of a program.Advertising Looking for critical writing on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, the following steps are involved; first, collection of data, which in this case we have all the information needed concerning the Newlandian’s education foundation. The second step involves setting of objectives, the main aim of which is to raise awareness of the Newlandian’s plight and to r aise donations that will aim at increasing education for children in this area. Determining the strategy aims at how the objective will be achieved, therefore publicizing our objectives will attract public’s attention. In addition, setting of communication techniques aims at deciding the number of communication tools to use. In this case, variety of tools will be used, for instance, television, and newspapers among others. Composing the message is a step that involves constructing an appropriate message that will be forwarded to the media with an aim of creating awareness and supporting NEF. Selecting the media involves choosing the appropriate channels of conveying the message. In this case, television, newspapers, radio, and the internet will play a vital role in publicizing. This is in addition to preparation of supporting materials, which include brochures and setting a schedule, indicating when the project will begin. The budget should be used effectively while follow up on the responses regarding the campaign should be made. Finally, programs objectives should be evaluated, for instance, the rate of media exposure on the conveyed message (Musgrave 2001, p.46). Creating awareness can be done through advertising, and publications. These tools assist in conveying a message to the public, and in return, the public begin to act according to the influence of the communication. Campaign media tactics include advertising in newspapers, television, and internet among others. Mediated publicity includes personal appearance in talk shows, while directed publicity involves emails, reports, and brochures among others. In this campaign, it is important to note that important messages will be easily understood if they are seen or heard.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Public Relations Theory And Campaign specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The appropriate media is the use of television, radio, and newspapers. For instance, in the newspapers, the advertisement on the education plight of Newlandia can be placed in the Newlandia time magazine in the most effective areas like sports section and the job market section, where most people access. In case of the television, a commercial should be sent that conveys story coverage on the plight of NEF. In addition, according to Bouman Brown (2010, P.35), lifestyle campaigns are increasing in relation to the growth of media. Such campaigns induce interpersonal communication while seeking support. They use the media to draw attention on specific behaviors such as health, HIV AIDS, and sexual practices among others. Nevertheless, communication in campaigns is essential as it connects an organization with its publics through the exchange of information (Vasquez, 1994, p.268). Public relations planning models The ROPE model of public relations signifies four phases research, objectives, programming, and evaluation whereby, re search involves the institution or client that is faced with a problem that needs to be solved. The second phase involves setting of objectives to solve the problems, whereby, a strategy should be formed that involves identifying goals and objectives, identifying target publics, and creating a theme for the campaign. Moreover, the third phase consists of the planning and the execution of a program that will accomplish the objectives. The final phase deals with monitoring and the adjusting of the programs by determining ways that measure whether the campaign has achieved its objectives or not (Swan 2010, p.5). ROPES programming model consists of four elements, which include reciprocity, responsibility, reporting, and relationship nurturing. Reciprocity entails that an organization should show gratitude for the donations made by donors, since positive relationships are driven by the give and take situation.Advertising Looking for critical writing on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Responsibility on the other hand entails acting in a responsible manner towards the donors. In this case, NEF should use the donations responsibly, and the results should be evident in order for the donor to be motivated in giving more. However, if the trust of donors and supporters is betrayed, the organization suffers. Therefore, the foundation should keep its supporters updated on the progress made on developments, and it should avoid communicating with its supporters only when it seeks help. Theories Relevant To the Campaign Proposal The stewardship theory According to Wehmeier (2009, p.267), public relations has been criticized for lack of theory building. However, some theories are still of great significance. The main aim of this campaign is to raise awareness on the plight of Newlandian foundation, in order for the foundation to raise more funds that will cater for the wanting issues. Therefore, the campaign targets both business and industry sectors. Fund raising theory imp lies that, the more an individual or an organization donates to a foundation in terms of time or money they are more likely to continue giving. Therefore, with the creation of the NEF plight awareness, many groups will be driven to give regularly. It is however important that stewardship is maintained when it comes to public relations. When donations are made to the non-profit organizations, the donors should be treated with respect, as how they are treated determines future donations. Therefore, stewardship theory focuses on relationship building between the organization and its supporters, in term of respect and communication. Moreover, stewardship drives donors in giving for a second time. Measurement by Objective (MBO) Theory Measurement by objective (MBO) theory is suitable when it comes to the assessing of communication and efforts. All objectives are crucial and should be achieved as an aid to establishing of smart objectives. Member involved in the campaign contribute toward s the setting of objectives. Measuring of achievements is determined by time and completion. Sponsorship theory involves a situation whereby a sponsor provides assistant financially or conducts a fundraiser with an aim of assisting the needy foundation. A sponsor can also create awareness to the public on the plight of the foundation, thus driving donors to provide aid. A sponsor comes with the advantages of reinforcing, shaping the public’s opinion on the firm, and improving the image of the organization among others. Agenda Setting Theory Agenda setting theory is associated with the media in relation to how they convey the message to the public. In this case, issues should be dealt with at first hand before they result to problems, which the media use to portray a firm’s image. Nevertheless, the agenda setting theory is important in shaping NEF situation by making their plight a public interest. Moreover, the correct message should be sent to the right public via the right media at the right time in order to achieve success. In addition, the theory states that the public is attracted by those issues that receive media attention regularly compared to the rest. The heightened coverage of an issue increases the public’s perception on the importance of that issue (Dunaway, et al, p.361). Therefore, this theory will work perfectly for the NEF’s situation when the media is used to cover on the plight of schools in Newlandian. Situational Theory Situational theory on the other hand assists in classifying publics, based on their involvement, into four groups; active publics on issues of public concern, apathetic publics on all issues, active publics on issues involving everyone, and personalized publics. In addition, this theory tends to categorize people on three factors, the first being constraint recognition, in term of whether they can do anything to adder a problem. The second is level of involvement, which involves the extent to whi ch they are personally affected by the problem. The third is problem recognition, which implies how the public perceives a certain problem (Hazleton, 2006 p509). Therefore, the situational theory will be important while identifying the issue involvement of the public. Social Learning Theory According to Newman Newman (2008, p.64), social learning theory implies that people try to fit in a particular group by modifying their behaviors and attitudes. For instance, when an individual sees a particular behavior as desirable, he will automatically adopt it. Therefore, television is viewed as a means of advertising that can act as a persuasive communication method. To make sure that this campaign is successful, we will seek Newlandian successful identities and associate them with NEF situation. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory states that one can only move upward once the basic needs have been fulfilled, therefore, the mode of communicat ion should be aimed at appealing to the public to provide the basic need first. This campaign will aim at appealing to the rich in the north to assist the poor Newlandians in the south. Self-interest in this case can apply to the rich starting up projects with an aim of making profits, but at the same time provide employment for the poor (Clegg, et al, 2005, p.250). Communication Theory Another important theory applicable in the Newlandian’s population is the communication theory that involves a sender and a receiver; therefore, the message should be encoded carefully to provide the receiver with the correct understanding of the intended message. Moreover, the message conveyed to the media should be accurate so that when it is publicized, it still has the intended meaning (Liu and Horsley, 2007). In conclusion, public relations should be in apposition to direct and support corporate social responsibility (CSR) in a country. In addition, the chief executives officer should pla y a vital role in enhancing CSR in the society (Pendleton, et al, 2010, p.405). Conclusion The Newlandians campaign is aimed at creating awareness to the public on the plight of the area. Education is a top priority for any growing child, which should not be neglected at any cost. Therefore, campaign will foster donations from well-wishers and the privileged. Using the media as the main source of the campaign, the aim is attracting the target public attention on the NEF plight, which will be given unlimited attention by the media. Corporate social responsibility can also be related to public relations, if organizations focus on improving the situation of the less privileged. Reference List Brown, W., 2010. Ethical Approaches to Lifestyle Campaigns. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 25:34–52. Taylor Francis Group publishers. Clegg, S. et al. 2005. Managing and organizations: an introduction to theory and practice. London: SAGE Publishers. Dunaway, J. et al. 2010. Agenda Setting, Public Opinion, and the Issue of Immigration Reform. Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 91, Issue 2. Blackwell Publishing Limited. Hazleton, V., 2006. Public relations theory II. NY: Routledge Publisher Liu, B. and Horsley, J. S., 2007. The Government Communication Decision Wheel: Toward a Public Relations Model for the Public Sector. Journal of Public Relations Research, Vol. 19, Issue 4, pp. 377-393. Musgrave, P., 2001. Eleven steps for planning and evaluating your public relations campaign. (Attached material). Newman, B. and Newman. P., 2008. Development through Life: A Psychosocial Approach. Edition10. OH: Cengage Learning Publisher. Pacific PR. 2010. Strategic Public Relations Plan: Newlandia Education Foundation Intensive three-month awareness raising campaign. Retrieved from: https://ljjames87.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/pr-campaigns-strategic-pr-plan-for-nef.pdf Pendleton, J. Todd, L. et al. 2010. Public Relations Leadership in Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Busine ss Ethics, 96:403–423. Springer publishers. Swann, P., 2010. Cases in Public Relations Management. London: Taylor Francis Publisher. Vasquez, G., 1994. Testing a Communication Theory-Method-Message-Behavior. Complex for the Investigation of Publics. Journal of Public Relations Research, 6(4), 267-291. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Wehmeier, S., 2009. Out of the Fog and into the Future: Directions of Public Relations, Theory Building, Research, and Practice. Canadian Journal of Communication, Vol 34; 265-282. University of Southern Denmark.

Environmental economy case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental economy - Case Study Example However, as the modernization has changed the industries, the number of industries has increased to a greater extent. This graph shows the level of water pollution in Asian countries in the year of 2014. Due to the increase in the number of industries, the quantity of waste material has also increased. However, some of the famous multinational companies properly dispose off their waste material or they may recycle it to avoid any resource wastage. However, a large number of companies do not care about the disposal of this waste material and thus put their share in the pollution creation of the environment. The list of affected people by this water pollution is alarming at this point of time. People who are using this pollutant water are suffering from many of the skin and internal diseases. In addition to that, this polluted water is destroying the natural habitat of many of the species living near the marshy places. The living organisms in the water and marine habitat are also suffering at a greater extent. Some of the rare species are near to extinction just because of these pollution materials. There are heavy toxic materials in the waste of industries, which contaminate and disturb the real composition of usable water and thus the living organisms have to suffer the contamination. In this way, there are many adverse effects of this polluted and contaminated water. In many of the countries, Government and the State authorities have taken serious actions to eradicate this issue of wastage of heavy industries and thus restricting the industry owner to properly dispose of the waste material. The companies can use this waste material even further to make many other things, which will be useful. In some cases, waste material can also act as a fertilizer for the crops and different plants. Though the companies have to put a budget on the waste management but at